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Garbled text every bit a result of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text existence decoded using an unintended character encoding.^[ane] The result is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, oft from a different writing system.

This display may include the generic replacement graphic symbol ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin also involve multiple sequent symbols, as viewed in i encoding, when the same binary lawmaking constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (equally in Asian 16-fleck encodings vs European viii-bit encodings), or the apply of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the result of correct error handling by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake ways "character transformation" in Japanese. The word is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "grapheme" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence betwixt the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must exist preserved. Equally mojibake is the case of not-compliance betwixt these, it can exist accomplished by manipulating the data itself, or only relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text data that take been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may non even be tagged at all, but moved between computers with dissimilar default encodings. A major source of trouble are advice protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.

The differing default settings between computers are in office due to differing deployments of Unicode among operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for unlike writing systems of human languages. Whereas Linux distributions by and large switched to UTF-8 in 2004,^[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-sixteen, and sometimes uses viii-bit code pages for text files in different languages.^{[ dubious – talk over ]}

For some writing systems, an example existence Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to encounter mojibake relatively oft. Every bit a Japanese example, the word mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed equally "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored as UTF-8 is displayed every bit "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is farther exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-8 text appears as "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-i encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Mainland Red china) locale.

Mojibake case

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted equally ISO-8859-1 encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted every bit GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is non specified, it is upwards to the software to decide it past other means. Depending on the type of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-then-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is afflicted by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating system and possibly other weather. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same system. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte order mark, but for source code and other automobile readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding every bit metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes tin store this as user.charset.^[three] This also requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, just does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to detect, in particular UTF-eight, in that location are many that are hard to distinguish (encounter charset detection). A web browser may not exist able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document'southward meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot exist configured to transport the proper HTTP headers; see grapheme encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake as well occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens betwixt encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.^[4] The Mac Bone version of Eudora did non exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the most frequently seen beingness curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running nether other operating systems such as Unix.

Human ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in use, many are partially uniform with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the phase for human being ignorance:

• Compatibility can be a deceptive property, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of 2 encodings (run across Problems in different writing systems).
• People think they are using ASCII, and tend to characterization whatever superset of ASCII they actually use as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, merely fifty-fifty in academic literature, the word "ASCII" can be plant used as an instance of something non compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.^[1] Notation that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least sure information may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may be communicated to the customer in any number of 3 ways:

• in the HTTP header. This information can be based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled past the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, as an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the writer meant to save the particular file in.
• in the file, as a byte club mark. This is the encoding that the author's editor actually saved it in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in i encoding and saving information technology in another), this volition be correct. It is, yet, simply available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-8 or UTF-16.

Lack of hardware or software support [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to support but one graphic symbol ready and the graphic symbol set typically cannot be altered. The character table contained within the display firmware volition be localized to accept characters for the land the device is to be sold in, and typically the tabular array differs from land to country. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a organization from a different country. Besides, many early operating systems practice not back up multiple encoding formats and thus will terminate up displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early on versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Os for example, are localized on a per-state basis and will but support encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version volition exist sold in, and will brandish mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the Bone is designed to support is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-eight as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and astern compatibility with United states-ASCII. UTF-8 also has the ability to be directly recognised past a uncomplicated algorithm, and then that well written software should be able to avert mixing UTF-8 upwards with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an instance of mojibake varies depending on the awarding within which it occurs and the causes of it. Two of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are spider web browsers and give-and-take processors. Modern browsers and word processors often support a wide array of character encodings. Browsers often allow a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the wing, while word processors let the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. It may take some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.

The problem gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of character encoding, such as in a not-Unicode computer game. In this instance, the user must change the operating arrangement'southward encoding settings to match that of the game. Yet, changing the system-broad encoding settings tin can likewise cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later, a user too has the option to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the irresolute of per-application locale settings. Even then, changing the operating arrangement encoding settings is non possible on earlier operating systems such equally Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use tertiary party font rendering applications.

Problems in different writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts generally occurs in punctuation, such every bit em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), only rarely in grapheme text, since well-nigh encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" volition announced as "£" if information technology was encoded by the sender as UTF-8 but interpreted by the recipient as CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch also for English text. Commodore brand viii-bit computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, but flipped the case of all messages. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the Due north Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German language, French, Portuguese and Spanish are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that get corrupted, making texts only mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German language
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Castilian
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English language

… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicative.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-ane character fix (also known as Latin 1 or Western) has been in use. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted past two competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-15. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise whatsoever confusion of these iii grapheme sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is always safe to interpret ISO-8859-1 every bit Windows-1252, and adequately safety to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in sure scenarios, due east.k. substitution of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-one and Windows-1252. Simply UTF-8 has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avert mixing UTF-8 upward with other encodings, so this was virtually mutual when many had software non supporting UTF-8. About of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating organisation version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are non compatible however.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and information technology is usually obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.m. the second letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This fashion, fifty-fifty though the reader has to approximate betwixt å, ä and ö, almost all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does characteristic repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding ceremony nighttime") which tin can sometimes return text very hard to read (due east.g. hääyö appears every bit "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faeroese take 10 and eight perchance misreckoning characters, respectively, which thus tin make it more difficult to estimate corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become almost entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".

In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this miracle, and in Castilian, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard exercise in German when umlauts are not available. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For case, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. Notwithstanding, digraphs are useful in advice with other parts of the globe. As an instance, the Norwegian football thespian Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his proper noun spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his dorsum when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-8 misinterpreted as ISO-8859-1, "Band 1000000 nÃ¥" (" Band one thousand thousand nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[v]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-ane	Sm"rg†s
ISO 8859-1	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-eight	ISO 8859-i	Smörgåsouthward
UTF-8	Mac Roman	Smörgås

Central and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages can also be affected. Because nearly computers were not continued to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were unlike character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (see ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), often also varying by operating system.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is some other affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 character set), plus the ii characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-1. These 2 characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-ii, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Earlier Unicode became common in e-mail clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the letters ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the bespeak of unrecognizability. It is mutual to reply to an e-mail service rendered unreadable (see examples below) by character mangling (referred to as "betűszemét", pregnant "alphabetic character garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Alluvion-resistant mirror-drilling machine") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Result	Occurrence
Hungarian example		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in red are incorrect and practise non match the top-left example.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Central European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Delight annotation that modest-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made compatible with German language. Present occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-2	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable even if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, only nowadays it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are incorrect, but the text is completely readable. This is the most common error nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs frequently on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšYard™RFéRŕG P rvˇztűr‹ t 1000"rfŁr˘g‚p	Central European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄ThousandÍRF┌RËK╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇchiliadÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The utilise of ű is correct.
Quoted-printable	7-fleck ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F3thousand=E9p	Mainly caused by wrongly configured mail servers just may occur in SMS messages on some jail cell-phones also.
UTF-8	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœKÖRFÚRÃ"ThouÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tüone thousandörfúrógép	Mainly acquired by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (as the trouble remains concealed for English language texts). In this case the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-8; however, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Smooth [edit]

Prior to the creation of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various calculating platforms used their own character encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Order on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early on DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible means to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware lawmaking pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other calculator sellers had placed them.

The situation began to amend when, later on pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded as the "Cyberspace standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced past Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the multifariousness of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smoothen diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "petty shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may exist colloquially called krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[6] The Soviet Matrimony and early on Russian federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-simply 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII but with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came viii-flake KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with high-flake ready octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth bit, which was considered as a major reward in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware electronic mail systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and so passed through the loftier bit stripping process, end upwardly rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and fifty-fifty Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the West, Lawmaking page 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian every bit well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Folio 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Nearly recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the globe's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Before Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the same encoding system. Failure to do this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists well-nigh entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of upper-case letter letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has capital letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the Www, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. As of 2017, ane can however encounter HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well as Unicode. (An estimated 1.seven% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given web page in its source,^[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), significant "trash". Unlike the former USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Folio 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Example

Russian case:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-1	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the seceding varieties of Serbo-Croatian language) and Slovene add together to the basic Latin alphabet the messages š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (but č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in foreign names, also). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual OS-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.

Although Mojibake tin can occur with any of these characters, the letters that are non included in Windows-1252 are much more than decumbent to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is oft displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When bars to bones ASCII (near user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on word case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a class is commonly done manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English versions of the Windows operating system are most widespread, not localized ones.^{[ commendation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively pocket-sized and fragmented market place, increasing the price of high quality localization, a loftier caste of software piracy (in turn caused by high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.^{[ citation needed ]}

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other iii creates many problems. There are many unlike localizations, using different standards and of unlike quality. There are no mutual translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people utilize adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "figurer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not sympathize what some option in a bill of fare is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English language, too as those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are most, because English terminology is also by and large taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of not-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows let the lawmaking page to be changed (older versions require special English language versions with this support), but this setting can be and oftentimes was incorrectly set up. For example, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be ready to most non-right-to-left single-byte lawmaking pages including 1250, only just at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the instance of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete graphic symbol encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used because of a lack of support in the calculator industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support information technology.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another blazon of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such as 1 of the encodings for East Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than one (typically 2) characters are corrupted at once, e.g. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed every bit "舐". Compared to the higher up mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is especially problematic for brusque words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two messages are combined, the mojibake too seems more than random (over 50 variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text string which happens to include a blueprint of item discussion lengths, such every bit the sentence "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, the miracle is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer endeavour to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-eight. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using cheap mobile phone.

Instance:		Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du)
Original encoding	Target encoding	Consequence
Windows-1258	UTF-viii	Trăm năm trong cõi người ta
TCVN3	UTF-8	Tr¨1000 n¨m trong câi ngêi ta
VNI (Windows)	UTF-8	Traêm naêgrand trong coõi ngöôøi ta

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the aforementioned phenomenon is, as mentioned, chosen mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular problem in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-eight and UTF-xvi, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, too as being encountered by Japanese users, is besides often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same miracle is called Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , meaning 'chaotic code'), and tin occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is oft possible to fix the issue by switching the graphic symbol encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward uniform versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to place the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed as	Issue	Original text	Note
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The cerise graphic symbol is non a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in applied apply in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces between every several characters.

An boosted problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are still used in personal or identify names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'south "堃" and vocalist David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'southward "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[9]

Newspapers have dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine ii existing, similar characters; using a motion-picture show of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to brand the right inference.

Indic text [edit]

A similar effect tin can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages equally Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character ready employed is properly recognized by the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood past a computer missing the appropriate software, even if the glyphs for the private letter of the alphabet forms are available.

Ane case of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character analogous to "wi" (the offset syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to carry the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed past an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable as mojibake generated by a computer not configured to display Indic text.^[10] The logo every bit redesigned every bit of May 2010^[ref] has stock-still these errors.

The idea of Plain Text requires the operating organisation to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is dissimilar from Bone to Bone for Singhala and it makes orthographically wrong glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the brusk form for 'r' is a diacritic that usually goes on summit of a plain letter. However, it is wrong to proceed summit of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such every bit कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put information technology on top of these letters. Past contrast, for similar sounds in modern languages which event from their specific rules, it is non put on top, such as the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stem course of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.^[11] Merely information technology happens in most operating systems. This appears to be a error of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac Os and iOS, the muurdhaja 50 (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long grade both yield wrong shapes.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, well-nigh notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] Nevertheless, various sites have made free-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[xiii] and the late arrival of Burmese language back up in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early on Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font merely was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.^[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented every bit specified in Unicode, just others were non.^[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this equally ad hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[14]

Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To get around this event, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[18] Myanmar government has designated i October 2022 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.^[thirteen] The full transition is estimated to take 2 years.^[nineteen]

African languages [edit]

In sure writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Republic of malaŵi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Autonomous Commonwealth of the Congo, but these are non generally supported. Various other writing systems native to West Africa present similar problems, such as the Due north'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Republic of guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Standard arabic [edit]

Some other afflicted language is Arabic (see below). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
Arabic example:		(Universal Annunciation of Human Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-8	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-v	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-6	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-2	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do non have UTF-viii as browser setting, because UTF-eight is easily recognisable, and so if a browser supports UTF-8 information technology should recognise information technology automatically, and non effort to interpret something else as UTF-8.

See also [edit]

• Lawmaking point
• Replacement character
• Substitute graphic symbol
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ betwixt Windows and Unix systems. Though most software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or brandish the deviation (e.thousand. version control systems and data comparing tools) can get substantially more difficult to use if not adhering to one convention.
• Byte gild mark – The most in-band way to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by design exist perceived equally "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, generally optional, but required for certain characters to escape interpretation as markup.

  While failure to use this transformation is a vulnerability (come across cantankerous-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For instance, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and then on.

• Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Male monarch, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode before long be the universal lawmaking? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): 60. doi:ten.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "gyre -5 linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 October 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-xv .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-11-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June eighteen, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, World Pequot, 2007, ISBN 1-59921-039-8.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring grapheme encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "Cathay GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map between Code page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia'southward Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital globe". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Oct. 1 is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will adopt the new arrangement.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack ii, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to return a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, BIT, and later Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem by adding extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar's ethnic languages. Not simply does the re-mapping forestall future ethnic language back up, information technology likewise results in a typing system that can be confusing and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the two near pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market share, which means they support Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (seven September 2019). "Unified under one font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Ascent Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will better natural language processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Lawmaking: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Oftentimes Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019. "UTF-8" technically does not apply to advert hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Technology. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019. Information technology makes communication on digital platforms difficult, every bit content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In club to better accomplish their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often mail service in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single mail, not to mention English or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.

External links [edit]

gonzalezalownd.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake

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